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1 political treatise
Макаров: политический трактат -
2 Ta hsueh (The first of Ssu shu, a short ethico-political treatise linking humane government with the personal integrity of rulers)
Религия: "Да-сюэ"Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ta hsueh (The first of Ssu shu, a short ethico-political treatise linking humane government with the personal integrity of rulers)
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3 treatise
[ʹtri:|tıs,-{ʹtri:}tız] n1) трактатacademic [political] treatise - академический [политический] трактат
2) научный труд, монография; курс ( учебник) -
4 treatise
n1) трактат2) наукова праця; монографія; курс (підручник)* * *['triːtisˌ -tiz]nacademic [political] treatise — академічний [політичний]трактат наукова праця, монографія; курс ( підручник)
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5 treatise
['triːtisˌ -tiz]nacademic [political] treatise — академічний [політичний]трактат наукова праця, монографія; курс ( підручник)
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6 Ta hsueh
Религия: "Великое учение", (The first of Ssu shu, a short ethico-political treatise linking humane government with the personal integrity of rulers) "Да-сюэ" -
7 Xu Guangqi (Hsu Kuang-Chhi)
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 1562 Chinad. 1633 China[br]Chinese writer and reporter on agricultural practice.[br]Living during the troubled Ming Dynasty, Xu Guangqi combined his energy and interest in scientific improvement to develop and strengthen the State: his interest in military technology was used in the formation of the defence of the State, whilst his interest in irrigation and crop husbandry was put to use in programmes of famine relief. He was a friend and protector of the Jesuit community in China, and between 1607 and 1610, when he was forced to absent himself from the political scene, he devoted his time to the study of the irrigation systems practised by the Jesuits, and also the cultivation of new crops.Stimulated by these studies he continued to collect information on agricultural technology even after he returned to political life. In addition he prepared a number of draft texts of an agricultural treatise, which he intended to provide a practical guide to agricultural practice, but which would also give an indication of the solutions to China's economic problems at the time. Despite the fact that he had amassed a huge amount of material, it was left to the Chinese scholar Chen Ziling (Chhen Tzu-Ling) to edit the draft, which was finally published six years after the death of Xu Guangqi in 1633.The treatise, called the Nong Zbeng Quan Shu (Wade-Giles transliteration: Nung Cheng Chhuan Shu), is a massive work quoting from some 299 sources, sometimes verbatim. In addition to parts dealing with husbandry, there are also large sections devoted to rural administration and to the development of rural light industry, as well as to the introduction of cash crops such as cotton. The Ming dynasty fell in 1644, and the policies set out by Xu Guangqi within this treatise were never implemented.[br]Further ReadingF.Bray, Vol. VI. 2 in J.Needham (ed.), Science and Civilisation in China, Cambridge (devotes an early chapter to her sources in a comprehensive account of Chinese agriculture).APBiographical history of technology > Xu Guangqi (Hsu Kuang-Chhi)
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8 Cobbett, William
SUBJECT AREA: Agricultural and food technology[br]b. 9 March 1762 Farnham, Surrey, Englandd. 17 June 1835 Guildford, Surrey, England[br]English political writer and activist; writer on rural affairs, with a particular concern for the conditions of the agricultural worker; a keen experimental farmer who claimed responsibility for the import of Indian maize to Britain.[br]The son of a smallholder farmer and self-taught surveyor, William Cobbett was brought up to farm work from an early age. In 1783 he took employment as an attorney's clerk in London, but not finding this to his liking he travelled to Chatham with the intention of joining the Navy. A mistake in "taking the King's shilling" found him in an infantry regiment. After a year's training he was sent out to Nova Scotia and quickly gained the rank of sergeant major. On leaving the Army he brought corruption charges against three officers in his regiment, but did not press with the prosecution. England was not to his taste, and he returned to North America with his wife.In America Cobbett taught English to the growing French community displaced by the French Revolution. He found American criticism of Britain ill-balanced and in 1796 began to publish a daily newspaper under the title Porcupine's Gazetteer, in which he wrote editorials in defence of Britain. His writings won him little support from the Americans. However, on returning to London in 1800 he was offered, but turned down, the management of a Government newspaper. Instead he began to produce a daily paper called the Porcupine, which was superseded in 1802 by Cobbett's Political Register, this publication continued on a weekly basis until after his death. In 1803 he also began the Parliamentary Debates, which later merged into Hansard, the official report of parliamentary proceedings.In 1805 Cobbett took a house and 300-acre (120-hectare) farm in Hampshire, from which he continued to write, but at the same time followed the pursuits he most enjoyed. In 1809 his criticism of the punishment given to mutineers in the militia at Ely resulted in his own imprisonment. On his release in 1812 he decided that the only way to remain an independent publisher was to move back to the USA. He bought a farm at Hampstead, Long Island, New York, and published A Year's Residence in America, which contains, amongst other things, an interesting account of a farmer's year.Returning to Britain in the easier political climate of the 1820s, Cobbett bought a small seed farm in Kensington, then outside London. From there he made a number of journeys around the country, publishing accounts of them in his famous Rural Rides. His experiments and advice on the sowing and cultivation of crops, particularly turnips and swedes, and on forestry, were an important mechanism for the spread of ideas within the UK. He also claimed that he was the first to introduce the acacia and Indian maize to Britain. Much of his writing expresses a concern for the rural poor and he was firmly convinced that only parliamentary reform would achieve the changes needed. His political work and writing led to his election as Member of Parlaiment for Oldham in the 1835 election, which followed the Reform Act of 1832. However, by this time his energy was failing rapidly and he died peacefully at Normandy Farm, near Guildford, at the age of 73.[br]BibliographyCobbett's Observations on Priestley's Emigration, published in 1794, was the first of his pro-British tracts written in America. On the basis of his stay in that country he wrote A Year's Residence in America. His books on agricultural practice included Woodlands (1825) and Treatise on Cobbett's Corn (1828). Dealing with more social problems he wrote an English Grammar for the use of Apprentices, Plough Boys, Soldiers and Sailors in 1818, and Cottage Economy in 1821.Further ReadingAlbert Pell, 1902, article in Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England 63:1–26 (describes the life and writings of William Cobbett).James Sambrook, 1973, William Cobbett, London: Routledge (a more detailed study).AP -
9 commentary
noun2) (Radio, Telev.)[live or running] commentary — Live-Reportage, die
* * *plural - commentaries; noun ((also running commentary) a series of broadcast comments by a reporter at a ceremony, sports event etc.) der Kommentar* * *com·men·tary[ˈkɒmentəri, AM ˈkɑ:mənteri]he always gives a running \commentary on what's happening er muss dauernd zu allem seinen Senf dazugeben fampolitical/literary \commentary politischer/literarischer Kommentarto provide \commentary Bericht erstatten* * *['kɒməntərI]nKommentar m (on zu)he used to do commentaries on football matches — früher war er Reporter bei Fußballspielen
* * *1. Kommentar m (on, upon zu Texten etc):a commentary on the Bible ein Bibelkommentar2. Kommentar m, erläuternder Bericht:radio commentary Rundfunkkommentar;4. pl Kommentare pl, tagebuchartige Bemerkungen pl, Denkschriften pl* * *noun2) (Radio, Telev.)[live or running] commentary — Live-Reportage, die
* * *n.Kommentar m.Kommentierung f.Reportage f. -
10 Petty, William
перс.эк. Петти, Уильям (1623-1687; английский экономист, врач и физик, написавший несколько экономико-статистических трактатов: "Трактат о налогах и сборах" ("A Treatise of Taxes and Contributions"), 1662 г.; "Политическая арифметика" ("Political Arithmetick"), 1672 г.; "Разное о деньгах" ("Quantulumcunque Concerning Money"), 1682 г.; имел умеренно меркантилистские взгляды; предвосхитил многие идеи классической политической экономии в области теории цены и денег)See:
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